diff --git a/src/calendar/collision.ts b/src/calendar/collision.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3632ac1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/calendar/collision.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+// Resolves two sanctoral candidates wanting the same day — the case
+// calendar/feasts.ts explicitly doesn't cover (it just picks the
+// higher-ranked of several native candidates and drops the rest) and that
+// calendar/commemorations.ts doesn't cover either (that's temporal-vs-
+// sanctoral, this is sanctoral-vs-sanctoral). This is specifically what a
+// transferred feast (calendar/transfer.ts) runs into when its landing day
+// already has a native saint — never triggered by a plain ferial landing,
+// since a genuinely empty day isn't a collision at all.
+//
+// Same ordering as commemorations.ts's FeastClass scale, which is exactly
+// the point: `duplex > semiduplex > vigil > simplex` is that scale, not a
+// separate one — see calendar/types.ts's FeastClass doc comment.
+import type { Commemoration, DayWinner, SanctoralIdentity } from './types';
+import { compareFeastClass } from './commemorations';
+
+export interface CollisionResult {
+  winner: DayWinner;
+  commemorations: Commemoration[];
+}
+
+function asWinner(candidate: SanctoralIdentity): DayWinner {
+  return { kind: 'sanctoral', id: candidate.id, name: candidate.name, rank: candidate.rank };
+}
+
+function asCommemoration(candidate: SanctoralIdentity): Commemoration {
+  return { kind: 'sanctoral', id: candidate.id, name: candidate.name, rank: candidate.rank };
+}
+
+/**
+ * `incoming` is the transferred candidate; `native` is whoever already
+ * occupies the landing day. The loser is always commemorated — unlike
+ * commemorations.ts's Sunday rules, there's no rank threshold below which
+ * it gets nothing; a real named feast landing anywhere always leaves a
+ * trace. Ties favor `native` — the incoming feast is the guest here.
+ */
+export function resolveCollision(incoming: SanctoralIdentity, native: SanctoralIdentity): CollisionResult {
+  const winner = compareFeastClass(incoming.rank, native.rank) > 0 ? incoming : native;
+  const loser = winner === incoming ? native : incoming;
+  return { winner: asWinner(winner), commemorations: [asCommemoration(loser)] };
+}
diff --git a/src/calendar/commemorations.ts b/src/calendar/commemorations.ts
index 91e2bdf..e19bb96 100644
--- a/src/calendar/commemorations.ts
+++ b/src/calendar/commemorations.ts
@@ -1,19 +1,24 @@
 // Precedence/occurrence resolution: given a day's temporal-cycle standing
 // (calendar/types.ts's TemporalCategory) and a candidate sanctoral feast (if
-// any), which one is actually kept, and whether the loser is commemorated.
+// any), which one is actually kept, what (if anything) is commemorated
+// alongside it, and whether the candidate needs to be transferred to an
+// adjacent day instead (see calendar/transfer.ts for what actually happens
+// with that signal).
 //
 // Modeled as explicit rules per category, not a numeric-weight comparison
 // like the reference engine's occurrence()/concurrence() — see
-// data/calendar/temporal-categories.yml's header for why. The thresholds
-// below are a best-effort reconstruction of the pre-1955 tradition (partly
-// grounded in General Rubrics §15/§16/§23, though that document is itself a
-// later, differently-numbered edition — see that file's header), not
-// verified against a primary source for this exact era. Expect corrections.
+// data/calendar/temporal-categories.yml's header for why. Verified in part
+// against real dates (the Sunday-vs-Duplex threshold below was corrected
+// after finding St. Anthony Abbot, plain Duplex, outright winning against
+// an ordinary Sunday in the real Monastic 1617 engine — a genuine
+// correction, not a guess); the rest is the result of a design discussion,
+// not yet independently verified against a primary source.
 
-import type { FeastClass, TemporalCategory } from './types';
+import type { Commemoration, DayWinner, FeastClass, SanctoralIdentity, TemporalCategory } from './types';
 
 const FEAST_CLASS_ORDER: FeastClass[] = [
   'simplex',
+  'vigil',
   'semiduplex',
   'duplex',
   'duplex-majus',
@@ -29,47 +34,91 @@ export function isAtLeast(rank: FeastClass, threshold: FeastClass): boolean {
   return compareFeastClass(rank, threshold) >= 0;
 }
 
+/** Vigils belong to the day *before* their feast, so an impeded vigil is
+ * shifted backward rather than forward like everything else — see
+ * calendar/transfer.ts. */
+function transferDirectionOf(rank: FeastClass): 'forward' | 'backward' {
+  return rank === 'vigil' ? 'backward' : 'forward';
+}
+
 export interface OccurrenceResult {
-  winner: 'temporal' | 'sanctoral';
-  commemorated: boolean;
+  /** This day's own resolution, with the candidate absent if it's being transferred. */
+  winner: DayWinner;
+  commemorations: Commemoration[];
+  /** Set when `sanctoral` doesn't win or get commemorated here at all — it
+   * needs to be resolved against an adjacent day instead. */
+  transfer?: { candidate: SanctoralIdentity; direction: 'forward' | 'backward' };
+}
+
+function sanctoralCommemoration(candidate: SanctoralIdentity): Commemoration {
+  return { kind: 'sanctoral', id: candidate.id, name: candidate.name, rank: candidate.rank };
+}
+
+function sanctoralWinner(candidate: SanctoralIdentity): DayWinner {
+  return { kind: 'sanctoral', id: candidate.id, name: candidate.name, rank: candidate.rank };
 }
 
 /**
- * `sanctoral === null` means no feast is assigned to this date at all —
- * temporal wins trivially, nothing to decide.
+ * `temporalId` is this day's own temporal-propers id (see
+ * calendar/temporal-id.ts) — needed so a temporal winner or commemoration
+ * can actually be looked up later (`propers.getTemporalProper`), not just
+ * named "temporal" in the abstract.
  */
-export function decideOccurrence(temporal: TemporalCategory, sanctoral: FeastClass | null): OccurrenceResult {
+export function decideOccurrence(
+  temporal: TemporalCategory,
+  temporalId: string,
+  sanctoral: SanctoralIdentity | null,
+): OccurrenceResult {
+  const temporalWinner: DayWinner = { kind: 'temporal', id: temporalId };
   if (!sanctoral) {
-    return { winner: 'temporal', commemorated: false };
+    return { winner: temporalWinner, commemorations: [] };
   }
 
   switch (temporal) {
     case 'ordinary-feria':
       // An ordinary feria has no standing of its own to defend — any real
       // feast, however low-ranked, is kept in its place.
-      return { winner: 'sanctoral', commemorated: false };
+      return { winner: sanctoralWinner(sanctoral), commemorations: [] };
 
     case 'privileged-feria':
-      // "These ferias are preferred to any feasts whatsoever, and they
-      // admit of no commemoration, except one of the privileged class"
-      // (General Rubrics §23) — read here as: only the very highest class
-      // even gets a mention.
-      return { winner: 'temporal', commemorated: isAtLeast(sanctoral, 'duplex-1-classis') };
+      // Preferred to any feast whatsoever; admits no commemoration except
+      // one of the very highest class.
+      return {
+        winner: temporalWinner,
+        commemorations: isAtLeast(sanctoral.rank, 'duplex-1-classis') ? [sanctoralCommemoration(sanctoral)] : [],
+      };
 
     case 'ordinary-sunday':
-      // An ordinary Sunday yields outright only to the highest class; a
-      // Double of the 2nd Class or a Greater Double is kept as a
-      // commemoration instead of displacing the Sunday; anything lower
-      // isn't even mentioned.
-      if (isAtLeast(sanctoral, 'duplex-1-classis')) {
-        return { winner: 'sanctoral', commemorated: false };
+      if (isAtLeast(sanctoral.rank, 'duplex')) {
+        // Duplex+ wins outright; the Sunday itself is commemorated in return.
+        return { winner: sanctoralWinner(sanctoral), commemorations: [{ kind: 'temporal', id: temporalId }] };
       }
-      return { winner: 'temporal', commemorated: isAtLeast(sanctoral, 'duplex-majus') };
+      if (sanctoral.rank === 'simplex') {
+        // Too minor to warrant its own day, but a plain commemoration
+        // doesn't cheapen it the way it would a Semiduplex.
+        return { winner: temporalWinner, commemorations: [sanctoralCommemoration(sanctoral)] };
+      }
+      // Semiduplex or Vigil: no room here at all, in either direction —
+      // better to preserve the feast whole on another day than downgrade
+      // it to a bare commemoration.
+      return {
+        winner: temporalWinner,
+        commemorations: [],
+        transfer: { candidate: sanctoral, direction: transferDirectionOf(sanctoral.rank) },
+      };
 
     case 'privileged-sunday':
-      // "A Sunday of the 1st class is preferred to any feast whatsoever"
-      // (General Rubrics §15) — never displaced; commemorated only if the
-      // feast is otherwise of the very top ranks.
-      return { winner: 'temporal', commemorated: isAtLeast(sanctoral, 'duplex-2-classis') };
+      if (isAtLeast(sanctoral.rank, 'duplex-majus')) {
+        // Never displaced, but a sufficiently high feast still gets a nod.
+        return { winner: temporalWinner, commemorations: [sanctoralCommemoration(sanctoral)] };
+      }
+      // Below duplex-majus, a privileged Sunday wants nothing at all —
+      // not even the bare commemoration an ordinary Sunday would allow a
+      // Simplex — so everything here transfers.
+      return {
+        winner: temporalWinner,
+        commemorations: [],
+        transfer: { candidate: sanctoral, direction: transferDirectionOf(sanctoral.rank) },
+      };
   }
 }
diff --git a/src/calendar/day-label.ts b/src/calendar/day-label.ts
index a9d192e..e42037a 100644
--- a/src/calendar/day-label.ts
+++ b/src/calendar/day-label.ts
@@ -132,12 +132,11 @@ function temporalLabel(day: LiturgicalDay): string {
  * came from for the three cases.
  */
 export function getDayLabel(day: LiturgicalDay): string {
-  const winner = day.occurring.find((feast) => !feast.commemorated);
-  if (winner) {
-    return winner.name;
+  if (day.winner.kind === 'sanctoral') {
+    return day.winner.name;
   }
 
   const temporal = temporalLabel(day);
-  const commemorated = day.occurring.find((feast) => feast.commemorated);
+  const commemorated = day.commemorations.find((c) => c.kind === 'sanctoral');
   return commemorated ? `${commemorated.name} — ${temporal}` : temporal;
 }
diff --git a/src/calendar/index.ts b/src/calendar/index.ts
index a8281ad..fe197d3 100644
--- a/src/calendar/index.ts
+++ b/src/calendar/index.ts
@@ -1,57 +1,115 @@
-import type { LiturgicalDay, OccurringFeast } from './types';
+import type { Commemoration, DayWinner, LiturgicalDay, SanctoralIdentity, TemporalCategory } from './types';
 import { weekdayOf } from './weekday';
 import { resolveSeason, resolveTemporalCategory } from './temporal';
+import { resolveTemporalId } from './temporal-id';
 import { getSanctoralCandidatesFor } from './feasts';
-import { decideOccurrence, compareFeastClass } from './commemorations';
+import { decideOccurrence, type OccurrenceResult } from './commemorations';
+import { resolveCollision } from './collision';
+import { addDays } from './date-math';
+
+/**
+ * A day's occurrence considered on its own — no awareness of what an
+ * adjacent day might be trying to transfer in. `resolveDay` calls this for
+ * the date itself *and* for yesterday/tomorrow (to check for an inbound
+ * transfer) without ever recursing into their own adjacent-day checks —
+ * that's what keeps this from being mutually recursive.
+ */
+function resolveNativeOccurrence(isoDate: string): { temporalCategory: TemporalCategory; result: OccurrenceResult } {
+  const weekday = weekdayOf(isoDate);
+  const season = resolveSeason(isoDate);
+  const temporalCategory = resolveTemporalCategory(isoDate, season, weekday);
+  const temporalId = resolveTemporalId(isoDate);
+
+  // Multiple saints sharing a date is its own small occurrence contest,
+  // resolved the same way a transfer landing is — see calendar/collision.ts.
+  const candidates = getSanctoralCandidatesFor(isoDate);
+  let topCandidate: SanctoralIdentity | null = null;
+  const clashCommemorations: Commemoration[] = [];
+  for (const candidate of candidates) {
+    if (!topCandidate) {
+      topCandidate = candidate;
+      continue;
+    }
+    const collision = resolveCollision(candidate, topCandidate);
+    clashCommemorations.push(...collision.commemorations);
+    if (collision.winner.kind === 'sanctoral') {
+      topCandidate = { id: collision.winner.id, name: collision.winner.name, rank: collision.winner.rank };
+    }
+  }
+
+  const result = decideOccurrence(temporalCategory, temporalId, topCandidate);
+  result.commemorations.push(...clashCommemorations);
+  return { temporalCategory, result };
+}
+
+function applyIncomingTransfer(
+  candidate: SanctoralIdentity,
+  temporalCategory: TemporalCategory,
+  winner: DayWinner,
+  commemorations: Commemoration[],
+): DayWinner {
+  if (temporalCategory === 'privileged-feria') {
+    // Deferred: a transfer landing on a privileged feria (the concrete
+    // case is Holy Week, right after Palm Sunday) needs its own
+    // Easter-date-keyed lookup table, the same way the reference engine
+    // handles it — not modeled yet. The transfer is simply not delivered
+    // here rather than guessed at.
+    return winner;
+  }
+  if (winner.kind === 'temporal') {
+    return { kind: 'sanctoral', id: candidate.id, name: candidate.name, rank: candidate.rank };
+  }
+  const collision = resolveCollision(candidate, winner);
+  commemorations.push(...collision.commemorations);
+  return collision.winner;
+}
 
 /**
  * Resolves everything about a given day *except* hour content — weekday,
- * season, temporal precedence category, and any occurring feast. All real
- * now: `occurring` combines calendar/feasts.ts's sanctoral candidates (if
- * more than one shares a date, the highest-ranked wins that contest too —
- * clashes *among* saints aren't otherwise modeled) with
- * calendar/commemorations.ts's occurrence decision. A feast that's fully
- * superseded (not even commemorated) doesn't appear in `occurring` at all.
+ * season, temporal precedence category, and the day's real winner plus
+ * whatever's commemorated alongside it (calendar/commemorations.ts,
+ * calendar/collision.ts, calendar/transfer signaling all feed into this).
  */
 export function resolveDay(isoDate: string): LiturgicalDay {
   const weekday = weekdayOf(isoDate);
   const season = resolveSeason(isoDate);
-  const temporalCategory = resolveTemporalCategory(isoDate, season, weekday);
+  const { temporalCategory, result } = resolveNativeOccurrence(isoDate);
 
-  const candidates = getSanctoralCandidatesFor(isoDate);
-  let topCandidate = candidates[0] ?? null;
-  for (const candidate of candidates) {
-    if (compareFeastClass(candidate.rank, topCandidate!.rank) > 0) {
-      topCandidate = candidate;
-    }
+  let winner = result.winner;
+  const commemorations = [...result.commemorations];
+
+  const yesterday = resolveNativeOccurrence(addDays(isoDate, -1));
+  if (yesterday.result.transfer?.direction === 'forward') {
+    winner = applyIncomingTransfer(yesterday.result.transfer.candidate, temporalCategory, winner, commemorations);
+  }
+  const tomorrow = resolveNativeOccurrence(addDays(isoDate, 1));
+  if (tomorrow.result.transfer?.direction === 'backward') {
+    winner = applyIncomingTransfer(tomorrow.result.transfer.candidate, temporalCategory, winner, commemorations);
   }
 
-  const occurring: OccurringFeast[] = [];
-  if (topCandidate) {
-    const { winner, commemorated } = decideOccurrence(temporalCategory, topCandidate.rank);
-    if (winner === 'sanctoral' || commemorated) {
-      occurring.push({
-        id: topCandidate.id,
-        name: topCandidate.name,
-        rank: topCandidate.rank,
-        commemorated: winner === 'temporal',
-      });
-    }
-  }
-
-  return { date: isoDate, weekday, season, temporalCategory, occurring };
+  return { date: isoDate, weekday, season, temporalCategory, winner, commemorations };
 }
 
 /**
  * The Sunday/feast-vs-ferial split that several hours' propers key off of
  * (Prime's capitulum and Preces, so far): a plain weekday with nothing else
- * going on gets the "ferial" form, Sunday or an occurring feast gets the
- * fuller "Sunday/feast" form. `occurring` is always [] until milestone 4, so
- * today this reduces to "is it Sunday" — but the feast-override branch is
- * real, not a stub, and will start firing the moment feasts do.
+ * going on gets the "ferial" form, Sunday or a winning feast gets the
+ * fuller "Sunday/feast" form.
  */
 export function isSundayOrFeast(day: LiturgicalDay): boolean {
-  return day.weekday === 'sunday' || day.occurring.length > 0;
+  return day.weekday === 'sunday' || day.winner.kind === 'sanctoral';
 }
 
-export type { LiturgicalDay, OccurringFeast, Season, Weekday, FeastClass, TemporalCategory } from './types';
+export { compareFeastClass, isAtLeast, decideOccurrence } from './commemorations';
+export { resolveCollision } from './collision';
+export { resolveTemporalId } from './temporal-id';
+export type {
+  LiturgicalDay,
+  DayWinner,
+  Commemoration,
+  SanctoralIdentity,
+  Season,
+  Weekday,
+  FeastClass,
+  TemporalCategory,
+} from './types';
diff --git a/src/calendar/temporal-id.ts b/src/calendar/temporal-id.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f656c1a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/calendar/temporal-id.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+// Maps any date to one of the 52 canonical temporal-propers ids already
+// authored in data/propers/temporal/*.yml — the "which Sunday's collect
+// governs this date" question. A feria always inherits the collect of the
+// Sunday on or before it (real rubric: the ferias of a week use that
+// week's own Sunday collect), so this is really "find the governing
+// Sunday, then name it."
+//
+// Deliberately Pentecost/offset-based, not Trinity-counted — this is
+// content-storage identity, kept independent of whatever counting
+// convention calendar/day-label.ts displays on screen. See that file's
+// header and propers/index.ts's getTemporalProper for the fuller version
+// of this reasoning.
+//
+// Two known, deliberately unfixed gaps: the ferias between Christmas Day
+// and the Sunday within its octave, and between Epiphany and its own
+// first Sunday, fall back to that season's first named Sunday a few days
+// early — Christmas Day's and Epiphany's own collects aren't authored as
+// separate temporal-propers entries (only Sunday collects were pulled), so
+// this is a deliberate approximation, not an oversight. Likewise, a real
+// overflow year (early Easter, more than 24 weeks between Trinity and
+// Advent) would traditionally reuse the unused post-Epiphany Sundays'
+// collects for the excess weeks — not modeled; this just clamps at
+// post-pentecost-24.
+import { resolveSeason, sundayOnOrBefore, firstSundayStrictlyAfter, adventStart, easterOffsetOf } from './temporal';
+import { daysBetween } from './date-math';
+
+const EASTER_OFFSET_IDS: [number, string][] = [
+  [-63, 'septuagesima'],
+  [-56, 'sexagesima'],
+  [-49, 'quinquagesima'],
+  [-42, 'lent-1'],
+  [-35, 'lent-2'],
+  [-28, 'lent-3'],
+  [-21, 'lent-4'],
+  [-14, 'passion-sunday'],
+  [-7, 'palm-sunday'],
+  [0, 'easter-sunday'],
+  [7, 'easter-octave'],
+  [14, 'easter-3'],
+  [21, 'easter-4'],
+  [28, 'easter-5'],
+  [35, 'easter-6'],
+  [42, 'sunday-after-ascension'],
+  [49, 'pentecost-sunday'],
+];
+for (let n = 1; n <= 24; n++) {
+  EASTER_OFFSET_IDS.push([56 + 7 * (n - 1), `post-pentecost-${String(n).padStart(2, '0')}`]);
+}
+const EASTER_OFFSET_ID_MAP = new Map(EASTER_OFFSET_IDS);
+const MAX_EASTER_OFFSET = EASTER_OFFSET_IDS[EASTER_OFFSET_IDS.length - 1]![0];
+const MAX_EASTER_OFFSET_ID = EASTER_OFFSET_IDS[EASTER_OFFSET_IDS.length - 1]![1];
+
+export function resolveTemporalId(isoDate: string): string {
+  const season = resolveSeason(isoDate);
+  const year = Number(isoDate.slice(0, 4));
+
+  if (season === 'advent') {
+    const start = adventStart(year);
+    const n = Math.round(daysBetween(start, sundayOnOrBefore(isoDate)) / 7) + 1;
+    return `advent-${Math.min(n, 4)}`;
+  }
+
+  if (season === 'christmastide') {
+    return 'christmas-octave-sunday';
+  }
+
+  if (season === 'epiphanytide') {
+    const firstSunday = firstSundayStrictlyAfter(`${year}-01-06`);
+    if (isoDate < firstSunday) {
+      return 'post-epiphany-1';
+    }
+    const n = Math.round(daysBetween(firstSunday, sundayOnOrBefore(isoDate)) / 7) + 1;
+    return `post-epiphany-${Math.min(n, 6)}`;
+  }
+
+  // Everything else (Septuagesima-tide through Trinitytide) is Easter-
+  // anchored — find the governing Sunday and map its own offset directly,
+  // regardless of which `season` bucket the feria itself falls in (the
+  // ferias right after Ash Wednesday genuinely reuse Quinquagesima's
+  // collect, crossing what resolveSeason calls two different seasons).
+  const offset = easterOffsetOf(sundayOnOrBefore(isoDate));
+  if (offset > MAX_EASTER_OFFSET) {
+    return MAX_EASTER_OFFSET_ID;
+  }
+  return EASTER_OFFSET_ID_MAP.get(offset) ?? 'septuagesima';
+}
diff --git a/src/calendar/types.ts b/src/calendar/types.ts
index 54157be..e4f2c09 100644
--- a/src/calendar/types.ts
+++ b/src/calendar/types.ts
@@ -36,13 +36,28 @@ export type Weekday =
 // third case shows up and the duplication starts to hurt.
 export type Season = string;
 
-// The old (pre-1955) rank scale, six levels, low to high. Deliberately a
-// closed union rather than an open string like Season — the whole point of
+// The old (pre-1955) rank scale, low to high. Deliberately a closed union
+// rather than an open string like Season — the whole point of
 // calendar/commemorations.ts's decideOccurrence is to compare two of these
 // with explicit, readable rules, which only works if the set of values is
 // fixed and known. See calendar/types.ts's TemporalCategory doc comment for
 // the other half of that comparison.
-export type FeastClass = 'simplex' | 'semiduplex' | 'duplex' | 'duplex-majus' | 'duplex-2-classis' | 'duplex-1-classis';
+//
+// `vigil` sits between `simplex` and `semiduplex` on purpose — it's the
+// same strength as `simplex` for the "does this win against a Sunday"
+// question (both lose and get transferred rather than fighting the day
+// directly), but ranks strictly above `simplex` for the *separate*
+// "two saints collide on the same landing day" comparison
+// (calendar/collision.ts). One ordering serves both; see the design
+// discussion in project history for why that isn't a coincidence.
+export type FeastClass =
+  | 'simplex'
+  | 'vigil'
+  | 'semiduplex'
+  | 'duplex'
+  | 'duplex-majus'
+  | 'duplex-2-classis'
+  | 'duplex-1-classis';
 
 // A day's own precedence class *before* any sanctoral feast is considered —
 // i.e. what the temporal cycle alone says this day is entitled to. This is
@@ -57,17 +72,32 @@ export type FeastClass = 'simplex' | 'semiduplex' | 'duplex' | 'duplex-majus' |
 // corrections.
 export type TemporalCategory = 'ordinary-feria' | 'privileged-feria' | 'ordinary-sunday' | 'privileged-sunday';
 
-export interface OccurringFeast {
+export interface SanctoralIdentity {
   id: string;
   name: string;
   rank: FeastClass;
-  commemorated: boolean;
-  // Set by calendar/vespers.ts's resolveEveningDay when this feast's First
-  // Vespers is being anticipated this evening (i.e. this OccurringFeast
-  // belongs to *tomorrow*, but is winning tonight's Vespers/Compline).
-  vespersFrom?: 'today' | 'firstVespersOfTomorrow';
 }
 
+export type DayWinner =
+  | { kind: 'temporal'; id: string }
+  | ({
+      kind: 'sanctoral';
+      // Set by calendar/vespers.ts's resolveEveningDay when this feast's
+      // First Vespers is being anticipated this evening (i.e. this feast
+      // belongs to *tomorrow*, but is winning tonight's Vespers/Compline).
+      vespersFrom?: 'firstVespersOfTomorrow';
+    } & SanctoralIdentity);
+
+/**
+ * A day can have more than one of these at once (a transferred feast can
+ * displace a native saint who then also gets commemorated, alongside the
+ * Sunday whose own occurrence pushed the transfer in the first place) —
+ * hence a list, not a single flag. Extensible on purpose: a future
+ * `{ kind: 'octave'; id: string }` variant joins this union once octaves
+ * are modeled, without changing the shape callers already rely on.
+ */
+export type Commemoration = { kind: 'temporal'; id: string } | ({ kind: 'sanctoral' } & SanctoralIdentity);
+
 export interface LiturgicalDay {
   /** ISO date, e.g. "2026-08-09" */
   date: string;
@@ -76,6 +106,8 @@ export interface LiturgicalDay {
   season: Season;
   /** This day's own precedence class, before any sanctoral feast wins or loses against it. */
   temporalCategory: TemporalCategory;
-  /** The feast(s) actually occurring — real, via calendar/feasts.ts + calendar/commemorations.ts. */
-  occurring: OccurringFeast[];
+  /** Whichever office actually governs the day. */
+  winner: DayWinner;
+  /** Everything else commemorated alongside the winner — see the doc comment on Commemoration. */
+  commemorations: Commemoration[];
 }
diff --git a/src/calendar/vespers.ts b/src/calendar/vespers.ts
index 6194e0f..e85c183 100644
--- a/src/calendar/vespers.ts
+++ b/src/calendar/vespers.ts
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 // Same reconstruction caveat as commemorations.ts/temporal-categories.yml:
 // best-effort, not sourced from a primary text for this era, expect
 // corrections.
-import type { LiturgicalDay, OccurringFeast } from './types';
+import type { LiturgicalDay } from './types';
 import { resolveDay } from './index';
 import { addDays } from './date-math';
 import { easterOffsetOf } from './temporal';
@@ -32,17 +32,12 @@ function isMajorFixedFeastOfTheLord(isoDate: string): boolean {
   return offset === 0 || offset === 39 || offset === 60 || offset === 68; // Easter, Ascension, Corpus Christi, Sacred Heart
 }
 
-function winningFeast(day: LiturgicalDay): OccurringFeast | undefined {
-  return day.occurring.find((feast) => !feast.commemorated);
-}
-
 /** Does this day's evening claim First Vespers at all (for the day *after* it)? */
 function hasFirstVespers(day: LiturgicalDay): boolean {
   if (day.weekday === 'sunday' || isMajorFixedFeastOfTheLord(day.date)) {
     return true;
   }
-  const winner = winningFeast(day);
-  return winner ? isAtLeast(winner.rank, 'duplex-majus') : false;
+  return day.winner.kind === 'sanctoral' && isAtLeast(day.winner.rank, 'duplex-majus');
 }
 
 /** Does this day keep its own Second Vespers regardless of what tomorrow is? */
@@ -50,17 +45,14 @@ function keepsOwnSecondVespers(day: LiturgicalDay): boolean {
   if (day.weekday === 'sunday' || day.temporalCategory === 'privileged-feria' || isMajorFixedFeastOfTheLord(day.date)) {
     return true;
   }
-  const winner = winningFeast(day);
-  return winner ? isAtLeast(winner.rank, 'duplex-2-classis') : false;
+  return day.winner.kind === 'sanctoral' && isAtLeast(day.winner.rank, 'duplex-2-classis');
 }
 
 function anticipated(tomorrow: LiturgicalDay): LiturgicalDay {
-  return {
-    ...tomorrow,
-    occurring: tomorrow.occurring.map((feast) =>
-      feast.commemorated ? feast : { ...feast, vespersFrom: 'firstVespersOfTomorrow' },
-    ),
-  };
+  if (tomorrow.winner.kind === 'sanctoral') {
+    return { ...tomorrow, winner: { ...tomorrow.winner, vespersFrom: 'firstVespersOfTomorrow' } };
+  }
+  return tomorrow;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -68,10 +60,10 @@ function anticipated(tomorrow: LiturgicalDay): LiturgicalDay {
  * Returns `resolveDay(isoDate)` unchanged unless tomorrow has First
  * Vespers *and* today doesn't keep its own Second Vespers regardless — in
  * which case returns tomorrow's `LiturgicalDay`, with `vespersFrom:
- * 'firstVespersOfTomorrow'` set on its winning feast (if any) so callers
+ * 'firstVespersOfTomorrow'` set on its winner (if sanctoral) so callers
  * can tell the difference from an ordinary day.
  *
- * One deliberate exception to that ordering: a day on
+ * One deliberate absolute exception, caught by a failing test: a day on
  * `isMajorFixedFeastOfTheLord`'s list always wins tomorrow's Vespers,
  * *before* checking whether today would otherwise keep its own — Easter
  * displaces even Holy Saturday's privileged-feria status (the classic
diff --git a/src/data/calendar/saints/vigil-of-st-lawrence.yml b/src/data/calendar/saints/vigil-of-st-lawrence.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..66d103c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/data/calendar/saints/vigil-of-st-lawrence.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+# A real vigil, used as the concrete first test case for the vigil rank
+# and its backward-transfer rule (see calendar/commemorations.ts and
+# calendar/index.ts) — vigils are the day *before* their feast (St.
+# Lawrence is Aug 10, so this is Aug 9), and if that date is impeded (e.g.
+# falls on a Sunday), it transfers to the day before instead of forward.
+id: vigil-of-st-lawrence
+name: "Vigil of St. Lawrence"
+rank: vigil
+common: common-of-a-vigil
+propers: null
diff --git a/src/data/calendar/sanctoral-calendar.yml b/src/data/calendar/sanctoral-calendar.yml
index 0299182..6bf44ff 100644
--- a/src/data/calendar/sanctoral-calendar.yml
+++ b/src/data/calendar/sanctoral-calendar.yml
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 # privileged-day lists. `example-confessor` is deliberately NOT mapped to
 # any day here — it's fictional, kept only to document the record shape.
 days:
+  "08-09": [vigil-of-st-lawrence]
   "08-10": [st-lawrence]
   "08-15": [assumption]
   "08-28": [st-augustine]
diff --git a/src/hours/antiphon.ts b/src/hours/antiphon.ts
index 7777045..d3e6160 100644
--- a/src/hours/antiphon.ts
+++ b/src/hours/antiphon.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import type { OccurringFeast } from '../calendar/types';
+import type { DayWinner } from '../calendar/types';
 import { isAtLeast } from '../calendar/commemorations';
 
 export interface SplitAntiphon {
@@ -31,13 +31,12 @@ export function splitAntiphon(text: string): SplitAntiphon {
  * said before the psalms (the full text is always said after, regardless
  * of rank).
  *
- * Only asks whether the day's *winning* feast (not a merely-commemorated
- * one) is Double-or-higher — a privileged Sunday with nothing occurring,
- * or a commemorated low-rank saint, both correctly return false here. A
- * Sunday being "privileged" doesn't by itself make this true; that's a
+ * Only asks whether the day's *winner* (not a merely-commemorated feast)
+ * is Double-or-higher — a privileged Sunday with nothing winning, or a
+ * commemorated low-rank saint, both correctly return false here. A Sunday
+ * being "privileged" doesn't by itself make this true; that's a
  * `TemporalCategory` question, not a `FeastClass` one.
  */
-export function isDoubleOrHigher(occurring: OccurringFeast[]): boolean {
-  const winner = occurring.find((feast) => !feast.commemorated);
-  return winner ? isAtLeast(winner.rank, 'duplex') : false;
+export function isDoubleOrHigher(winner: DayWinner): boolean {
+  return winner.kind === 'sanctoral' && isAtLeast(winner.rank, 'duplex');
 }
diff --git a/src/hours/chapter-responsory.ts b/src/hours/chapter-responsory.ts
index 704ae70..cc32994 100644
--- a/src/hours/chapter-responsory.ts
+++ b/src/hours/chapter-responsory.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import type { Season, OccurringFeast } from '../calendar/types';
+import type { Season, DayWinner } from '../calendar/types';
 import { resolveSeasonalPropersId } from './seasonal-propers';
 import bySeasonData from '../data/hours/prime-chapter-responsory-by-season.yml';
 import byFeastData from '../data/hours/prime-chapter-responsory-by-feast.yml';
@@ -7,6 +7,6 @@ const bySeason = bySeasonData as { perAnnum: string; bySeason: Record<string, st
 const byFeast = byFeastData as { byFeastId: Record<string, string> };
 
 /** Resolves the common-propers id for the chapter responsory's variable verse. */
-export function getChapterResponsoryId(season: Season, occurring: OccurringFeast[]): string {
-  return resolveSeasonalPropersId(season, occurring, { ...bySeason, byFeastId: byFeast.byFeastId });
+export function getChapterResponsoryId(season: Season, winner: DayWinner): string {
+  return resolveSeasonalPropersId(season, winner, { ...bySeason, byFeastId: byFeast.byFeastId });
 }
diff --git a/src/hours/compline.ts b/src/hours/compline.ts
index 069456d..0f40d84 100644
--- a/src/hours/compline.ts
+++ b/src/hours/compline.ts
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ function resolvePart(part: HourPart, day: LiturgicalDay): ResolvedPart[] {
       }
       const body = resolveCommon(part.textRef.id);
       const doxology = resolveCommon(
-        getHymnDoxologyId(day.season, day.occurring, 'compline-hymn-doxology-per-annum'),
+        getHymnDoxologyId(day.season, day.winner, 'compline-hymn-doxology-per-annum'),
       );
       return [{ kind: 'hymn', text: appendDoxology(body, doxology) }];
     }
@@ -42,14 +42,14 @@ function resolvePart(part: HourPart, day: LiturgicalDay): ResolvedPart[] {
     case 'prayer':
       return [{ kind: part.kind, text: resolveCommon(part.textRef.id) }];
     case 'preces':
-      if (part.omitOnDouble && isDoubleOrHigher(day.occurring)) {
+      if (part.omitOnDouble && isDoubleOrHigher(day.winner)) {
         return [];
       }
       return [{ kind: 'preces', text: resolveCommon(part.textRef.id), label: part.label }];
     case 'lesson':
       return [{ kind: 'lesson', text: resolveCommon(part.textRef.id), label: part.label }];
     case 'opening-versicle':
-      return [{ kind: 'versicle', text: resolveCommon(getOpeningVersicleId(day.season, day.occurring)) }];
+      return [{ kind: 'versicle', text: resolveCommon(getOpeningVersicleId(day.season, day.winner)) }];
     case 'psalm':
       return [
         {
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ function resolvePart(part: HourPart, day: LiturgicalDay): ResolvedPart[] {
       ];
     case 'nunc-dimittis': {
       const { incipit, full } = splitNamedAntiphon(getCommonProper('nunc-dimittis-antiphon').text);
-      const opening = isDoubleOrHigher(day.occurring) ? full : incipit;
+      const opening = isDoubleOrHigher(day.winner) ? full : incipit;
       return [
         { kind: 'canticle', canticleId: 'nunc-dimittis', text: resolveCommon('nunc-dimittis'), antiphon: opening },
         { kind: 'antiphon', text: full },
diff --git a/src/hours/hymn-doxology.ts b/src/hours/hymn-doxology.ts
index f45f059..d685117 100644
--- a/src/hours/hymn-doxology.ts
+++ b/src/hours/hymn-doxology.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import type { Season, OccurringFeast } from '../calendar/types';
+import type { Season, DayWinner } from '../calendar/types';
 import { resolveSeasonalPropersId } from './seasonal-propers';
 import bySeasonData from '../data/hours/hymn-doxology-by-season.yml';
 import byFeastData from '../data/hours/hymn-doxology-by-feast.yml';
@@ -12,8 +12,8 @@ const byFeast = byFeastData as { byFeastId: Record<string, string> };
  * Officium's own Doxologies.txt table is hymn-agnostic), but the per-annum
  * default is each hymn's own natural ending, so callers supply it.
  */
-export function getHymnDoxologyId(season: Season, occurring: OccurringFeast[], perAnnumId: string): string {
-  return resolveSeasonalPropersId(season, occurring, {
+export function getHymnDoxologyId(season: Season, winner: DayWinner, perAnnumId: string): string {
+  return resolveSeasonalPropersId(season, winner, {
     perAnnum: perAnnumId,
     bySeason: bySeason.bySeason,
     byFeastId: byFeast.byFeastId,
diff --git a/src/hours/marian-antiphon.ts b/src/hours/marian-antiphon.ts
index 4591fb2..7471762 100644
--- a/src/hours/marian-antiphon.ts
+++ b/src/hours/marian-antiphon.ts
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ export function getMarianAntiphonId(day: LiturgicalDay): string {
   if (isCandlemasToHolyWednesday(day.date)) {
     return AVE_REGINA_CAELORUM_ID;
   }
-  return resolveSeasonalPropersId(day.season, day.occurring, bySeason);
+  return resolveSeasonalPropersId(day.season, day.winner, bySeason);
 }
 
 const LABELS: Record<string, string> = {
diff --git a/src/hours/opening-versicle.ts b/src/hours/opening-versicle.ts
index 2f53381..e558734 100644
--- a/src/hours/opening-versicle.ts
+++ b/src/hours/opening-versicle.ts
@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-import type { Season, OccurringFeast } from '../calendar/types';
+import type { Season, DayWinner } from '../calendar/types';
 import { resolveSeasonalPropersId } from './seasonal-propers';
 import bySeasonData from '../data/hours/opening-by-season.yml';
 
 const bySeason = bySeasonData as { perAnnum: string; bySeason: Record<string, string> };
 
 /** Resolves the common-propers id for the opening versicle's ending (Allelúja vs. Laus tibi). */
-export function getOpeningVersicleId(season: Season, occurring: OccurringFeast[]): string {
-  return resolveSeasonalPropersId(season, occurring, bySeason);
+export function getOpeningVersicleId(season: Season, winner: DayWinner): string {
+  return resolveSeasonalPropersId(season, winner, bySeason);
 }
diff --git a/src/hours/prime.ts b/src/hours/prime.ts
index 178c857..df995b8 100644
--- a/src/hours/prime.ts
+++ b/src/hours/prime.ts
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ function resolvePart(part: HourPart, date: string, day: LiturgicalDay): Resolved
   switch (part.kind) {
     case 'hymn': {
       const body = resolveCommon(part.textRef.id);
-      const doxology = resolveCommon(getHymnDoxologyId(day.season, day.occurring, 'hymn-doxology-per-annum'));
+      const doxology = resolveCommon(getHymnDoxologyId(day.season, day.winner, 'hymn-doxology-per-annum'));
       return [{ kind: 'hymn', text: appendDoxology(body, doxology) }];
     }
     case 'chapter':
@@ -30,14 +30,14 @@ function resolvePart(part: HourPart, date: string, day: LiturgicalDay): Resolved
     case 'prayer':
       return [{ kind: part.kind, text: resolveCommon(part.textRef.id) }];
     case 'preces':
-      if (part.omitOnDouble && isDoubleOrHigher(day.occurring)) {
+      if (part.omitOnDouble && isDoubleOrHigher(day.winner)) {
         return [];
       }
       return [{ kind: 'preces', text: resolveCommon(part.textRef.id), label: part.label }];
     case 'lesson':
       return [{ kind: 'lesson', text: resolveCommon(part.textRef.id), label: part.label }];
     case 'opening-versicle':
-      return [{ kind: 'versicle', text: resolveCommon(getOpeningVersicleId(day.season, day.occurring)) }];
+      return [{ kind: 'versicle', text: resolveCommon(getOpeningVersicleId(day.season, day.winner)) }];
     case 'creed':
       // Real Divinum Officium's actual inclusion rule tangles together
       // rank, commemorations, and version-specific rubrics in a way that
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ function resolvePart(part: HourPart, date: string, day: LiturgicalDay): Resolved
       // Sunday and not a Double-or-higher feast. Octaves aren't modeled at
       // all yet (milestone 4), so they can't suppress it either, same as
       // isDoubleOrHigher's own limitation.
-      if (day.weekday !== 'sunday' || isDoubleOrHigher(day.occurring)) {
+      if (day.weekday !== 'sunday' || isDoubleOrHigher(day.winner)) {
         return [];
       }
       return [{ kind: 'lesson', text: resolveCommon('athanasian-creed'), label: 'Athanasian Creed' }];
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ function resolvePart(part: HourPart, date: string, day: LiturgicalDay): Resolved
       if (part.resolve === 'by-season') {
         // Currently only the chapter responsory's verse uses this — see
         // hours/chapter-responsory.ts. by-feast-rank doesn't apply to Prime.
-        return [{ kind: 'responsory', text: resolveCommon(getChapterResponsoryId(day.season, day.occurring)) }];
+        return [{ kind: 'responsory', text: resolveCommon(getChapterResponsoryId(day.season, day.winner)) }];
       }
       {
         const psalmRefs = getPsalmsFor('prime', day.weekday);
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ function resolvePart(part: HourPart, date: string, day: LiturgicalDay): Resolved
         // Full text on a Double-or-higher feast, otherwise just the incipit
         // — see hours/antiphon.ts. The full repeat comes later, after the
         // Creed (see 'closing-antiphon'), not tacked onto the last psalm.
-        const opening = isDoubleOrHigher(day.occurring) ? full : incipit;
+        const opening = isDoubleOrHigher(day.winner) ? full : incipit;
         return psalmRefs.map((ref, i) => ({
           kind: 'psalm' as const,
           psalmNumber: ref.number,
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ function resolvePart(part: HourPart, date: string, day: LiturgicalDay): Resolved
     case 'canticle':
       return [{ kind: 'canticle', canticleId: part.canticleId, text: resolveCommon(part.textRef.id) }];
     case 'by-day-kind': {
-      if (part.omitOnDouble && isDoubleOrHigher(day.occurring)) {
+      if (part.omitOnDouble && isDoubleOrHigher(day.winner)) {
         return [];
       }
       const ref = isSundayOrFeast(day) ? part.sundayOrFeastRef : part.ferialRef;
diff --git a/src/hours/seasonal-propers.ts b/src/hours/seasonal-propers.ts
index 74a1a4c..feede6d 100644
--- a/src/hours/seasonal-propers.ts
+++ b/src/hours/seasonal-propers.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import type { Season, OccurringFeast } from '../calendar/types';
+import type { Season, DayWinner } from '../calendar/types';
 
 export interface SeasonalPropersTable {
   perAnnum: string;
@@ -9,18 +9,13 @@ export interface SeasonalPropersTable {
 /**
  * Shared by everything that picks a common-propers id by season with a
  * per-feast override (the chapter responsory's verse, the hymn doxology,
- * and presumably more once milestone 4 lands) — feast overrides win over
- * season, which wins over the "per annum" default. `occurring` is always
- * [] until milestone 4, so today this always returns a season match or
- * perAnnum.
+ * and presumably more once milestone 4 lands) — a feast override wins only
+ * when that feast is the day's actual *winner* (not merely commemorated),
+ * which wins over season, which wins over the "per annum" default.
  */
-export function resolveSeasonalPropersId(
-  season: Season,
-  occurring: OccurringFeast[],
-  table: SeasonalPropersTable,
-): string {
-  for (const feast of occurring) {
-    const override = table.byFeastId?.[feast.id];
+export function resolveSeasonalPropersId(season: Season, winner: DayWinner, table: SeasonalPropersTable): string {
+  if (winner.kind === 'sanctoral') {
+    const override = table.byFeastId?.[winner.id];
     if (override) {
       return override;
     }
diff --git a/tests/calendar/collision.test.ts b/tests/calendar/collision.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a284149
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/calendar/collision.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest';
+import { resolveCollision } from '../../src/calendar/collision';
+import type { SanctoralIdentity } from '../../src/calendar/types';
+
+function saint(id: string, rank: SanctoralIdentity['rank']): SanctoralIdentity {
+  return { id, name: id, rank };
+}
+
+describe('resolveCollision', () => {
+  it('higher rank wins regardless of which side is incoming vs native', () => {
+    const incoming = saint('incoming', 'semiduplex');
+    const native = saint('native', 'simplex');
+    const result = resolveCollision(incoming, native);
+    expect(result.winner).toEqual({ kind: 'sanctoral', id: 'incoming', name: 'incoming', rank: 'semiduplex' });
+    expect(result.commemorations).toEqual([{ kind: 'sanctoral', id: 'native', name: 'native', rank: 'simplex' }]);
+  });
+
+  it('a transferred Vigil beats a native Simplex (vigil ranks above simplex for collisions)', () => {
+    const result = resolveCollision(saint('vigil-feast', 'vigil'), saint('native', 'simplex'));
+    expect(result.winner.kind).toBe('sanctoral');
+    expect(result.winner.kind === 'sanctoral' ? result.winner.id : undefined).toBe('vigil-feast');
+  });
+
+  it('a native Semiduplex beats a transferred Vigil', () => {
+    const result = resolveCollision(saint('vigil-feast', 'vigil'), saint('native', 'semiduplex'));
+    expect(result.winner.kind === 'sanctoral' ? result.winner.id : undefined).toBe('native');
+    expect(result.commemorations).toEqual([{ kind: 'sanctoral', id: 'vigil-feast', name: 'vigil-feast', rank: 'vigil' }]);
+  });
+
+  it('ties favor the native occupant, the incoming feast is commemorated', () => {
+    const result = resolveCollision(saint('incoming', 'duplex'), saint('native', 'duplex'));
+    expect(result.winner.kind === 'sanctoral' ? result.winner.id : undefined).toBe('native');
+    expect(result.commemorations).toEqual([{ kind: 'sanctoral', id: 'incoming', name: 'incoming', rank: 'duplex' }]);
+  });
+
+  it('the loser is always commemorated, with no rank threshold', () => {
+    const result = resolveCollision(saint('incoming', 'duplex-1-classis'), saint('native', 'simplex'));
+    expect(result.commemorations).toEqual([{ kind: 'sanctoral', id: 'native', name: 'native', rank: 'simplex' }]);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/tests/calendar/commemorations.test.ts b/tests/calendar/commemorations.test.ts
index 33184aa..51cdecf 100644
--- a/tests/calendar/commemorations.test.ts
+++ b/tests/calendar/commemorations.test.ts
@@ -1,9 +1,16 @@
 import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest';
 import { decideOccurrence, compareFeastClass, isAtLeast } from '../../src/calendar/commemorations';
+import type { SanctoralIdentity } from '../../src/calendar/types';
+
+function saint(rank: SanctoralIdentity['rank']): SanctoralIdentity {
+  return { id: 'x', name: 'St. Ereden', rank };
+}
 
 describe('compareFeastClass / isAtLeast', () => {
-  it('orders the six ranks low to high', () => {
-    expect(compareFeastClass('simplex', 'duplex-1-classis')).toBeLessThan(0);
+  it('orders the seven ranks low to high, with vigil between simplex and semiduplex', () => {
+    expect(compareFeastClass('simplex', 'vigil')).toBeLessThan(0);
+    expect(compareFeastClass('vigil', 'semiduplex')).toBeLessThan(0);
+    expect(compareFeastClass('semiduplex', 'duplex')).toBeLessThan(0);
     expect(compareFeastClass('duplex-1-classis', 'simplex')).toBeGreaterThan(0);
     expect(compareFeastClass('duplex', 'duplex')).toBe(0);
   });
@@ -14,56 +21,85 @@ describe('compareFeastClass / isAtLeast', () => {
   });
 });
 
-describe('decideOccurrence', () => {
+describe('decideOccurrence — no candidate', () => {
   it('temporal wins trivially when nothing is assigned to the date', () => {
-    expect(decideOccurrence('ordinary-feria', null)).toEqual({ winner: 'temporal', commemorated: false });
-    expect(decideOccurrence('privileged-sunday', null)).toEqual({ winner: 'temporal', commemorated: false });
-  });
-
-  it('an ordinary feria always yields to any real feast, uncommemorated', () => {
-    expect(decideOccurrence('ordinary-feria', 'simplex')).toEqual({ winner: 'sanctoral', commemorated: false });
-    expect(decideOccurrence('ordinary-feria', 'duplex-1-classis')).toEqual({ winner: 'sanctoral', commemorated: false });
-  });
-
-  it('a privileged feria yields to nothing short of the top class', () => {
-    expect(decideOccurrence('privileged-feria', 'duplex-2-classis')).toEqual({
-      winner: 'temporal',
-      commemorated: false,
-    });
-    expect(decideOccurrence('privileged-feria', 'duplex-1-classis')).toEqual({
-      winner: 'temporal',
-      commemorated: true,
-    });
-  });
-
-  it('an ordinary Sunday yields outright only to the top class, and is commemorated by the two ranks below it', () => {
-    expect(decideOccurrence('ordinary-sunday', 'duplex-1-classis')).toEqual({
-      winner: 'sanctoral',
-      commemorated: false,
-    });
-    expect(decideOccurrence('ordinary-sunday', 'duplex-2-classis')).toEqual({
-      winner: 'temporal',
-      commemorated: true,
-    });
-    expect(decideOccurrence('ordinary-sunday', 'duplex-majus')).toEqual({
-      winner: 'temporal',
-      commemorated: true,
-    });
-    expect(decideOccurrence('ordinary-sunday', 'duplex')).toEqual({ winner: 'temporal', commemorated: false });
-  });
-
-  it('a privileged Sunday is never displaced, and only the top two ranks are even commemorated', () => {
-    expect(decideOccurrence('privileged-sunday', 'duplex-1-classis')).toEqual({
-      winner: 'temporal',
-      commemorated: true,
-    });
-    expect(decideOccurrence('privileged-sunday', 'duplex-2-classis')).toEqual({
-      winner: 'temporal',
-      commemorated: true,
-    });
-    expect(decideOccurrence('privileged-sunday', 'duplex-majus')).toEqual({
-      winner: 'temporal',
-      commemorated: false,
+    expect(decideOccurrence('ordinary-feria', 'some-feria-id', null)).toEqual({
+      winner: { kind: 'temporal', id: 'some-feria-id' },
+      commemorations: [],
     });
   });
 });
+
+describe('decideOccurrence — ordinary-feria', () => {
+  it('always yields to any real feast, uncommemorated, whatever its rank', () => {
+    for (const rank of ['simplex', 'vigil', 'semiduplex', 'duplex', 'duplex-1-classis'] as const) {
+      const result = decideOccurrence('ordinary-feria', 'id', saint(rank));
+      expect(result.winner).toEqual({ kind: 'sanctoral', id: 'x', name: 'St. Ereden', rank });
+      expect(result.commemorations).toEqual([]);
+      expect(result.transfer).toBeUndefined();
+    }
+  });
+});
+
+describe('decideOccurrence — privileged-feria', () => {
+  it('yields to nothing short of the top class', () => {
+    const majus = decideOccurrence('privileged-feria', 'id', saint('duplex-2-classis'));
+    expect(majus.winner).toEqual({ kind: 'temporal', id: 'id' });
+    expect(majus.commemorations).toEqual([]);
+
+    const top = decideOccurrence('privileged-feria', 'id', saint('duplex-1-classis'));
+    expect(top.commemorations).toEqual([{ kind: 'sanctoral', id: 'x', name: 'St. Ereden', rank: 'duplex-1-classis' }]);
+  });
+});
+
+describe('decideOccurrence — ordinary-sunday', () => {
+  it('duplex or higher wins outright, and the Sunday itself is commemorated', () => {
+    const result = decideOccurrence('ordinary-sunday', 'post-epiphany-2', saint('duplex'));
+    expect(result.winner).toEqual({ kind: 'sanctoral', id: 'x', name: 'St. Ereden', rank: 'duplex' });
+    expect(result.commemorations).toEqual([{ kind: 'temporal', id: 'post-epiphany-2' }]);
+    expect(result.transfer).toBeUndefined();
+  });
+
+  it('simplex stays and is commemorated, not transferred', () => {
+    const result = decideOccurrence('ordinary-sunday', 'post-epiphany-2', saint('simplex'));
+    expect(result.winner).toEqual({ kind: 'temporal', id: 'post-epiphany-2' });
+    expect(result.commemorations).toEqual([{ kind: 'sanctoral', id: 'x', name: 'St. Ereden', rank: 'simplex' }]);
+    expect(result.transfer).toBeUndefined();
+  });
+
+  it('semiduplex gets nothing here — transfers forward', () => {
+    const result = decideOccurrence('ordinary-sunday', 'post-epiphany-2', saint('semiduplex'));
+    expect(result.winner).toEqual({ kind: 'temporal', id: 'post-epiphany-2' });
+    expect(result.commemorations).toEqual([]);
+    expect(result.transfer).toEqual({ candidate: saint('semiduplex'), direction: 'forward' });
+  });
+
+  it('vigil gets nothing here — transfers backward', () => {
+    const result = decideOccurrence('ordinary-sunday', 'post-epiphany-2', saint('vigil'));
+    expect(result.transfer).toEqual({ candidate: saint('vigil'), direction: 'backward' });
+  });
+});
+
+describe('decideOccurrence — privileged-sunday', () => {
+  it('is never displaced; duplex-majus and up are commemorated', () => {
+    for (const rank of ['duplex-majus', 'duplex-2-classis', 'duplex-1-classis'] as const) {
+      const result = decideOccurrence('privileged-sunday', 'advent-1', saint(rank));
+      expect(result.winner).toEqual({ kind: 'temporal', id: 'advent-1' });
+      expect(result.commemorations).toEqual([{ kind: 'sanctoral', id: 'x', name: 'St. Ereden', rank }]);
+      expect(result.transfer).toBeUndefined();
+    }
+  });
+
+  it('duplex, semiduplex, and simplex all transfer forward — no bare commemoration here', () => {
+    for (const rank of ['duplex', 'semiduplex', 'simplex'] as const) {
+      const result = decideOccurrence('privileged-sunday', 'advent-1', saint(rank));
+      expect(result.commemorations).toEqual([]);
+      expect(result.transfer).toEqual({ candidate: saint(rank), direction: 'forward' });
+    }
+  });
+
+  it('vigil transfers backward, same as on an ordinary Sunday', () => {
+    const result = decideOccurrence('privileged-sunday', 'advent-1', saint('vigil'));
+    expect(result.transfer).toEqual({ candidate: saint('vigil'), direction: 'backward' });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/tests/calendar/day-label.test.ts b/tests/calendar/day-label.test.ts
index eb0bacd..a2748a1 100644
--- a/tests/calendar/day-label.test.ts
+++ b/tests/calendar/day-label.test.ts
@@ -38,13 +38,14 @@ describe('getDayLabel — feast name combination', () => {
     weekday: 'monday',
     season: 'trinitytide',
     temporalCategory: 'ordinary-feria',
-    occurring: [],
+    winner: { kind: 'temporal', id: 'post-pentecost-02' },
+    commemorations: [],
   };
 
   it('shows just the feast name when it wins outright', () => {
     const day: LiturgicalDay = {
       ...base,
-      occurring: [{ id: 'x', name: 'St. Ereden', rank: 'duplex', commemorated: false }],
+      winner: { kind: 'sanctoral', id: 'x', name: 'St. Ereden', rank: 'duplex' },
     };
     expect(getDayLabel(day)).toBe('St. Ereden');
   });
@@ -52,12 +53,12 @@ describe('getDayLabel — feast name combination', () => {
   it('shows both, feast first, when the feast is merely commemorated', () => {
     const day: LiturgicalDay = {
       ...base,
-      occurring: [{ id: 'x', name: 'St. Ereden', rank: 'duplex-2-classis', commemorated: true }],
+      commemorations: [{ kind: 'sanctoral', id: 'x', name: 'St. Ereden', rank: 'duplex-2-classis' }],
     };
     expect(getDayLabel(day)).toBe('St. Ereden — Monday in the 2nd week after Trinity');
   });
 
-  it('shows just the temporal label when nothing is occurring at all', () => {
+  it('shows just the temporal label when nothing is commemorated at all', () => {
     expect(getDayLabel(base)).toBe('Monday in the 2nd week after Trinity');
   });
 });
diff --git a/tests/calendar/transfer.test.ts b/tests/calendar/transfer.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d3267d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/calendar/transfer.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest';
+import { resolveDay } from '../../src/calendar';
+
+describe('transfer mechanism (resolveDay integration)', () => {
+  // The Vigil of St. Lawrence (Aug 9) is a real content entry specifically
+  // added to exercise this — Aug 9, 2026 is a Sunday, so the vigil (rank
+  // 'vigil') can't win or be commemorated there (see
+  // commemorations.ts's ordinary-sunday rule) and must transfer backward.
+  it('a vigil impeded by an ordinary Sunday transfers backward to Saturday, leaving the Sunday untouched', () => {
+    const saturday = resolveDay('2026-08-08');
+    const sunday = resolveDay('2026-08-09');
+    const monday = resolveDay('2026-08-10');
+
+    expect(saturday.winner).toEqual({
+      kind: 'sanctoral',
+      id: 'vigil-of-st-lawrence',
+      name: 'Vigil of St. Lawrence',
+      rank: 'vigil',
+    });
+    expect(saturday.commemorations).toEqual([]);
+
+    // The Sunday's own resolution is exactly as if the vigil didn't exist.
+    expect(sunday.winner).toEqual({ kind: 'temporal', id: 'post-pentecost-11' });
+    expect(sunday.commemorations).toEqual([]);
+
+    // St. Lawrence's own day (Monday) is unaffected by the backward transfer.
+    expect(monday.winner).toEqual({
+      kind: 'sanctoral',
+      id: 'st-lawrence',
+      name: 'St. Lawrence, Martyr',
+      rank: 'duplex-2-classis',
+    });
+  });
+});
diff --git a/tests/calendar/vespers.test.ts b/tests/calendar/vespers.test.ts
index 5d75502..4e20450 100644
--- a/tests/calendar/vespers.test.ts
+++ b/tests/calendar/vespers.test.ts
@@ -33,8 +33,10 @@ describe('resolveEveningDay', () => {
     // Duplex I classis.
     const day = resolveEveningDay('2026-08-14');
     expect(day.date).toBe('2026-08-15');
-    const winner = day.occurring.find((f) => !f.commemorated);
-    expect(winner?.id).toBe('assumption');
-    expect(winner?.vespersFrom).toBe('firstVespersOfTomorrow');
+    expect(day.winner.kind).toBe('sanctoral');
+    if (day.winner.kind === 'sanctoral') {
+      expect(day.winner.id).toBe('assumption');
+      expect(day.winner.vespersFrom).toBe('firstVespersOfTomorrow');
+    }
   });
 });
diff --git a/tests/calendar/weekday.test.ts b/tests/calendar/weekday.test.ts
index bf07774..6809e0a 100644
--- a/tests/calendar/weekday.test.ts
+++ b/tests/calendar/weekday.test.ts
@@ -31,10 +31,11 @@ describe('weekdayOf', () => {
 });
 
 describe('resolveDay', () => {
-  it('stubs season and occurring until milestone 4', () => {
+  it('resolves a plain Sunday with no occurring feast', () => {
     const day = resolveDay('2026-08-09');
     expect(day.date).toBe('2026-08-09');
     expect(day.weekday).toBe('sunday');
-    expect(day.occurring).toEqual([]);
+    expect(day.winner).toEqual({ kind: 'temporal', id: 'post-pentecost-11' });
+    expect(day.commemorations).toEqual([]);
   });
 });